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The Technology and applied sciences Portal

Technology (Greek technologia (τεχνολογία) < techne (τέχνη) "craft" + logia (λόγος); "saying") is the application of developments in science and engineering to benefit humanity. It may be defined as: "Solutions for real human problems by the development and application of tools, machines, materials, goods, or information in the form of skills, knowledge, processes, blueprints, plans, diagrams, models, formulae, tables, engineering designs, specifications, manuals, or instructions."


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laser
A laser is an optical device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process called stimulated emission. The term "laser" is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.12 Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that the light is either emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be converted into one with the help of optical components such as lenses. Typically, lasers are thought of as emitting light with a narrow wavelength spectrum ("monochromatic" light). This is not true of all lasers, however: some emit light with a broad spectrum, while others emit light at multiple distinct wavelengths simultaneously. The coherence of typical laser emission is distinctive. Most other light sources emit incoherent light, which has a phase that varies randomly with time and position.
  

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Credit: Richard Greenhill, Hugo Elias, Shadow Robot Company
Robotics is the science and technology of robots, their design, manufacture, and application.3 Robotics requires a working knowledge of electronics, mechanics, and software, and is usually accompanied by a large working knowledge of many subjects.4 A person working in the field is a roboticist.
  

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Chris Kraft as director of Johnson Space Center, 1979 deepa
Christopher Columbus Kraft, Jr. (born February 28, 1924) is a retired NASA engineer and manager. After graduating from Virginia Tech in 1944, Kraft was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor organization to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He worked for over a decade in aeronautical research before being asked in 1958 to join the Space Task Group, a small team entrusted with the responsibility of putting America's first man in space. Assigned to the flight operations division, Kraft became NASA's first flight director. He was on duty during such historic missions as America's first spaceflight, first orbital flight, and first spacewalk.

At the beginning of the Apollo program, Kraft retired as a flight director in order to concentrate on management and mission planning. In 1972, he became director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (later Johnson Space Center), following in the footsteps of his mentor Robert Gilruth. He held the position until his retirement from NASA in 1982. During his retirement, Kraft has consulted for numerous companies including IBM and Rockwell International, and he published an autobiography entitled Flight: My Life in Mission Control.

  

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Tropical Storm Wilma regional imagery, 2005
  

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Main outlines: Topic outline of science and Topic outline of technology.

Aerospaceʉۢ Agricultureʉۢ Architectureʉۢ Artificial intelligenceʉۢ Automationʉۢ Automobileʉۢ Big Scienceʉۢ Biotechnologyʉۢ Cartographyʉۢ Chemical engineeringʉۢ Communicationʉۢ Computer science (Information technology, Internet, Programming, Software engineering)ʉۢ Constructionʉۢ Dentistryʉۢ Designʉۢ Educationʉۢ Energy developmentʉۢ Energy storageʉۢ Engineeringʉۢ Ergonomicsʉۢ Family and consumer scienceʉۢ Firefightingʉۢ Forensicsʉۢ Forestryʉۢ Free softwareʉۢ Health sciencesʉۢ Healthʉۢ Industryʉۢ Industrial machineryʉۢ Information technologyʉۢ Internetʉۢ Library and information scienceʉۢ Machinesʉۢ Managementʉۢ Manufacturingʉۢ Marketingʉۢ Militaryʉۢ Miningʉۢ Mobile Webʉۢ Nanotechologyʉۢ Nuclear technologyʉۢ Nutritionʉۢ Radioʉۢ Roboticsʉۢ Space explorationʉۢ Telecommunication (Internet)ʉۢ Transportʉۢ Vehicles

  

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Main categories: Technology and Applied sciences

Agriculture & Agronomy â€¢ Architecture â€¢ Artificial intelligence â€¢ Automation â€¢ Biotechnology â€¢ Blu-ray â€¢ Cartography â€¢ Chemical engineering â€¢ Communication (Media studies â€¢ Telecommunications) â€¢ Construction â€¢ Design â€¢ Digital divide â€¢ Earthquake engineering â€¢ Electronics â€¢ Energy â€¢ Ergonomics â€¢ Firefighting â€¢ Fire prevention â€¢ Forensics â€¢ Forestry â€¢ Industry â€¢ Information science â€¢ Information technology â€¢ Internet â€¢ Management â€¢ Manufacturing â€¢ Marketing â€¢ Medicine (Unsolved problems in neuroscience) â€¢ Metalworking â€¢ Microtechnology â€¢ Military science â€¢ Mining â€¢ Nanotechnology â€¢ Nuclear technology â€¢ Nutrition â€¢ Optics â€¢ Plumbing â€¢ Robotics â€¢ Sound technology â€¢ Space exploration â€¢ Technology forecasting â€¢ Tools

Computing:  Classes of computers â€¢ Companies â€¢ Computer architecture â€¢ Computer model â€¢ Computer science â€¢ Computer security â€¢ Computing and society â€¢ Data â€¢ Embedded systems â€¢ Free software â€¢ Human-computer interaction â€¢ Information systems â€¢ Internet â€¢ Mobile Internet â€¢ Languages â€¢ Multimedia â€¢ Networks â€¢ Industrial Networks â€¢ Operating systems â€¢ Platforms â€¢ Product lifecycle management â€¢ Programming â€¢ Real-time computing â€¢ Software â€¢ Software engineering â€¢ Unsolved problems in computer science â€¢ More...

Electronics:   Avionics â€¢ RF & MMIC Design â€¢ Circuits â€¢ Companies â€¢ Connectors â€¢ Consumer electronics â€¢ Digital electronics â€¢ Digital media â€¢ Electrical components â€¢ Electronic design â€¢ Electronics manufacturing â€¢ Embedded systems â€¢ Integrated circuits â€¢ Microwave technology â€¢ Molecular electronics â€¢ Water technology â€¢ Optoelectronics â€¢ Quantum electronics â€¢ RFID â€¢ Radio electronics â€¢ Semiconductors â€¢ Signal cables â€¢ Surveillance â€¢ Telecommunications â€¢ Terminology â€¢ More...

Engineering:  Aerospace engineering â€¢ Bioengineering â€¢ Chemical engineering â€¢ Civil engineering â€¢ Electrical engineering â€¢ Environmental engineering â€¢ Materials science â€¢ Mechanical engineering â€¢ Nuclear technology â€¢ Software engineering â€¢ Structural engineering

Transportation:   By country â€¢ Automobiles â€¢ Aviation â€¢ Cycling â€¢ Public transport â€¢ Rail transport â€¢ Road transport â€¢ Shipping â€¢ Spaceflight â€¢ Vehicles â€¢ Water transport

Technology timelines

  

Topics   (all)

Main articles: Technology and Applied sciences

Technological concepts and issuesʉۢ Appropriate technologyʉۢ Diffusion of innovationsʉۢ Doomsday deviceʉۢ Externalityʉۢ High technologyʉۢ History of science and technologyʉۢ History of technologyʉۢ Industryʉۢ Innovationʉۢ Knowledge economyʉۢ Persuasion technologyʉۢ Pollutionʉۢ Posthumanismʉۢ Precautionary principleʉۢ Research and developmentʉۢ Strategy of technologyʉۢ Superpowersʉۢ Technicismʉۢ Technocapitalismʉۢ Technocriticismʉۢ Techno-progressivismʉۢ Technological convergenceʉۢ Technological evolutionʉۢ Technological determinismʉۢ Technological diffusionʉۢ Technological singularityʉۢ Technology acceptance modelʉۢ Technology assessmentʉۢ Technology lifecycleʉۢ Technology transferʉۢ Technology Treeʉۢ Technorealismʉۢ Timeline of inventionʉۢ Transhumanism

Technologies and applied sciencesʉۢ Aerospaceʉۢ Agriculture, agricultural science, & agronomyʉۢ Architectureʉۢ Artificial intelligenceʉۢ Automationʉۢ Automobileʉۢ Big Scienceʉۢ Biotechnologyʉۢ Cartographyʉۢ Chemical engineeringʉۢ Communicationʉۢ Computer science (Computing, Programming, Software engineering, List of open problems in computer science)ʉۢ Constructionʉۢ Dentistryʉۢ Designʉۢ Educationʉۢ Electronicsʉۢ Energy developmentʉۢ Energy storageʉۢ Engineeringʉۢ Ergonomicsʉۢ Family and consumer scienceʉۢ Firefightingʉۢ Forensicsʉۢ Forestryʉۢ Free softwareʉۢ Health sciencesʉۢ Healthʉۢ Industryʉۢ Information scienceʉۢ Information technologyʉۢ Internetʉۢ Library and information scienceʉۢ Machinesʉۢ Managementʉۢ Manufacturingʉۢ Marketingʉۢ Mass communicationʉۢ Mass productionʉۢ Medicine (Unsolved problems in neuroscience)ʉۢ Military scienceʉۢ Military technology and equipmentʉۢ Miningʉۢ Nanotechnologyʉۢ Nuclear technologyʉۢ Nutritionʉۢ Processesʉۢ Roboticsʉۢ Space explorationʉۢ Technology forecastingʉۢ Telecommunicationsʉۢ Toolsʉۢ Transport (By country)ʉۢ Vehiclesʉۢ Weapons



  

Lists of topics   (all)

Technologiesʉۢ Materials technologyʉۢ Microscope technology

Agricultureʉۢ Herbs and spicesʉۢ Organic gardening and farmingʉۢ Sustainable agriculture

Architecture and Construction

Buildings and structuresʉۢ Irish buildingsʉۢ Historic civil engineering landmarks
Lighthouses and lightvesselsʉۢ Belgiumʉۢ Canadaʉۢ Franceʉۢ Germanyʉۢ Swedenʉۢ USA
Windmillsʉۢ UK
Watermillsʉۢ UK
Tallest buildings and structures in the worldʉۢ Tall buildings in London

Computing and the Internet â€¢ AMD microprocessors â€¢ software bugs â€¢ computing and IT abbreviations â€¢ GNU packages â€¢ Graphics file formats â€¢ IBM products â€¢ Internet slang â€¢ Internet topics â€¢ Internet top-level domains â€¢ Intel chipsets â€¢ Intel microprocessors â€¢ machines running CP/M â€¢ microcomputers â€¢ newsgroups â€¢ open source software packages â€¢ operating systems â€¢ screen readers (assistive technology for blind people) â€¢ UNIVAC products â€¢ Unixes â€¢ Unix programs â€¢ wikis â€¢ Timeline of computing â€¢ Timeline of hacker history â€¢ digital library projects

World Wide Webʉۢ Colors ʉۢ HTML editorsʉۢ
Web technologiesʉۢ Javaʉۢ .NETʉۢ Web 2.0ʉۢ Ajax

Computer scienceʉۢ Algorithmsʉۢ data structuresʉۢ information technology management topicsʉۢ important publications in computer scienceʉۢ open problems in computer scienceʉۢ software engineering topicsʉۢ terms relating to algorithms and data structures

Character sets and encodings:   ASCII â€¢ EBCDIC â€¢ ISO 646 â€¢ ISO 8859-1 â€¢ ISO 8859-2 â€¢ ISO 8859-3 â€¢ ISO 8859-8 â€¢ ISO 8859-11 â€¢ ISO 8859-15 â€¢ Unicode â€¢ UTF-7 â€¢ UTF-8 â€¢ UTF-16 â€¢ UTF-32 â€¢ Windows-1252
Programming languagesʉۢ Alphabetical listʉۢ Categorical listʉۢ Chronological listʉۢ Generational list

Electronics

Engineeringʉۢ engineering fields

Medical technology: (see Health and fitness above)

Military

Military strategiesʉۢ Thirty-Six Strategiesʉۢ List of military tactics
Air forces of the world
Military air bases:  Royal Air Force â€¢ Royal Canadian Air Force â€¢ United States Air Force â€¢ United States Army â€¢ United States Coast Guard â€¢ United States Marine Corps â€¢ United States Navy
Air force commands:  Royal Air Force â€¢ USAAF NAF Component Commands
Aircraft groups:   Royal Air Force
Aircraft squadrons:  British Army Air Corps â€¢ British Fleet Air Arm â€¢ Royal Air Force â€¢ United States Air Force â€¢ United States Army â€¢ United States Marine Corps â€¢ United States Navy
Aircraft "wings"Royal Navy aircraft wingsʉۢ United States Navy aircraft wings
Armies of the world
General lists of armies (by number)ʉۢ military corps (by numberʉۢ by name)ʉۢ List of military divisions (by numberʉۢ by name)
United Kingdom:  Regiments of Foot â€¢ British Army regiments (1881) â€¢ British Army regiments (1962) â€¢ British Army regiments (1994) â€¢ British Forces in the American Revolutionary War â€¢ Regiments of the British Indian Army (1903) â€¢ regiments of the British Indian Army (1922)
United States of America:   Armies of the United States Army â€¢ corps of the United States Army â€¢ divisions of the United States Army â€¢ U.S. Army acronyms and expressions â€¢ US defense contractors â€¢ United States military bases
Navies of the world:ʉۢ fleets
Military groups in WWI and WWII
Australia:   Australian divisions in WWI â€¢ WWII
Britain:   British Army Groups in WWII â€¢ British armies in WWI â€¢ WWII â€¢ British corps in WWI â€¢ British divisions in WWI â€¢ WWII
Canada:   Canadian divisions in WWII
Germany:   Prisoner of War Camps in WWII
India:   Indian corps in WWII â€¢ Indian divisions in WWII
Poland:   Polish divisions in WWII
United States of America:   American Army Groups in WWII
Terrorists of the world:  terrorist groups â€¢ terrorist incidents
Military bases:   military bases
Military events:   battles â€¢ guerrilla movements â€¢ invasions â€¢ military missions, operations, and projects â€¢ terrorist incidents â€¢ wars
Martial arts:   : List of martial arts â€¢ : List of martial arts weapons
Weapons and miscellaneous topics
Military technology and equipmentʉۢ weaponsʉۢ World War II weaponsʉۢ missilesʉۢ armoured fighting vehiclesʉۢ NATO reporting namesʉۢ Swords
List of artilleryʉۢ List of artillery by countryʉۢ List of World War II artillery
Military aircraft: Luftwaffeʉۢ Soviet Union and CISʉۢ USAʉۢ British Army Air Corpsʉۢ Royal Air Forceʉۢ Fleet Air Armʉۢ Israeli Air Forceʉۢ Royal Australian Air Forceʉۢ Royal Australian Navyʉۢ Royal Canadian Air Forceʉۢ Royal Canadian Navyʉۢ Royal New Zealand Air Force and Royal New Zealand Navyʉۢ South African Air Forceʉۢ Irish Air Corpsʉۢ Arm̩e de l'Airʉۢ aircraft weaponsʉۢ NATO reporting names for miscellaneous aircraftʉۢ NATO reporting names for transport aircraft
Naval technology
Ships
By era/war: World War II
By type: Aircraft Carriersʉۢ Battleshipsʉۢ Cruisersʉۢ Destroyersʉۢ LSTs
By operator: Royal Australian Navyʉۢ Canadian Forcesʉۢ Germanyʉۢ Indian Navyʉۢ Japanʉۢ Netherlandsʉۢ Royal Navy (United Kingdom)ʉۢ Royal Fleet Auxiliary (United Kingdom)ʉۢ United States Navyʉۢ Military Sealift Command (USA)ʉۢ Soviet Union

Space explorationʉۢ Unmanned space missionsʉۢ Human spaceflightʉۢ human spaceflightsʉۢ space disastersʉۢ human spaceflights by programʉۢ astronauts by nameʉۢ Timeline of astronauts by nationality

Transportationʉۢ transport museums

List of aviation topicsʉۢ ʉۢ Aircraftʉۢ Manufacturersʉۢ Enginesʉۢ Engine manufacturersʉۢ Weaponsʉۢ By date and use
Aviation accidentsʉۢ By airlineʉۢ By locationʉۢ By year
Airportsʉۢ FRʉۢ BEʉۢ GRʉۢ JPʉۢ PLʉۢ UKʉۢ AU
Land transport
Automobilesʉۢ Manufacturersʉۢ List of truck types
List of convoy codes
Cycles:  bicycle parts
Rail transport
List of heritage railways
Light-rail transit systemsʉۢ Melbourne tram routesʉۢ metro systems (subways)ʉۢ London Underground stationsʉۢ closed London Underground stationsʉۢ Melbourne railway stationsʉۢ closed Melbourne railway stationsʉۢ List of famous trainsʉۢ List of railway stations - UK
Road systems
Roads and highways' â€¢ : US interstates â€¢ UK motorways â€¢ Highways in Australia â€¢ List of U.S. Routes â€¢ List of state highways in the United States
Bridgesʉۢ UKʉۢ USAʉۢ List of largest suspension bridges
List of tunnelsʉۢ NLʉۢ NZʉۢ UK
Nautical / Shipping technology:  ships â€¢ fictional ships â€¢ sailboat types â€¢ Marinas
Space transport:  spacecraft
  

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Related portals   (all)

Technology and applied sciences

Agronomy â€¢ Architecture (Bridges, Portal) • Artificial intelligence â€¢ Biotechnology â€¢ Electronics â€¢ Energy â€¢ Engineering â€¢ Hazardous Materials â€¢ Home improvement â€¢ Nanotechnology â€¢ Nuclear technology â€¢ Robotics
Information technology
Typographyʉۢ Apple Inc.ʉۢ Blu-rayʉۢ Computer networking (Internet (Forums))ʉۢ Computer scienceʉۢ Computer securityʉۢ Microsoftʉۢ Python programmingʉۢ Software (Free software (Linux))
Transport
Aviationʉۢ Cars (Australian, American, British, Japanese)ʉۢ Cyclingʉۢ London transportʉۢ Nauticalʉۢ Roads (U.S. Roads)ʉۢ Spaceflight (Space tourism)ʉۢ Trains (Rapid transit, UK Railways, UK Trams)



  

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